Ian Rudd, PhD Français

Writing

Papers

Longer arguments, each with its sources and a permanent address you can cite.

Working paper · February 2026

Wrong Without Warning: Why AI Systems Need a Third Pillar of Review

Functional review asks whether a system works. Non-functional review asks whether it holds up. Neither asks how often the AI is wrong, or whether anyone would notice if that changed. Nine ways AI fails silently, and the check that catches each one.

Version 1.0 · 33 sources · HTML, PDF, markdown · also in French